Marginal Costing

What is Marginal Costing? What are its features? What are the basic assumptions made by Marginal Costing? Marginal Costing is ascertainment of the marginal cost which varies directly with the volume of production by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs and finally ascertaining its effect on profit. The basic assumptions made by marginal costing are following: – Total variable cost is directly proportion to the level of activity. However, variable cost per unit remains constant at all the levels of activities. – Per unit selling price remains constant at all levels of activities. All the items produced by the organisation are sold off. Features of Marginal costing: – It is a method of recoding costs and reporting profits. – It involves ascertaining marginal costs which is the difference of fixed cost and variable cost. – The operating costs are differentiated into fixed costs and variable costs. Semi variable costs are also divided in the individual components of fixed cost and variable cost. – Fixed costs which remain constant regardless of the volume of production do not find place in the product cost determination and inventory valuation. Fixed costs are treated as period charge and are written off to the profit and loss account in the period incurred. – Only variable costs are taken into consideration while computing the product cost. – Prices of products are based on variable cost only. – Marginal contribution decides the profitability of the products. What are the limitations of Marginal Costing? The limitations of Marginal Costing: – The classification of total costs into fixed and variable cost is difficult. – In this technique fixed costs are totally eliminated for the valuation of inventory of finished and semi-finished goods.Such elimination affects the profitability adversely. – In marginal costing historical data is used while management decisions a re related to future events. – It does not provide any standard for the evaluation of performance. – Selling price fixed on the basis of marginal cost will be useful only for short period of time. – Assessment of profitability on the marginal cost base can be used only in the short period of time. What is Cost Volume-Profit relationship? Cost Volume-Profit (CVP) relationship is an analysis which studies the relationships between the following factors and its impact on the amount of profits. Selling price per unit and total sales amount †¢ Total cost which may be in any form i. e. fixed cost or Variable cost. -Volume of sales In simple words, CVP is a management accounting tool that expresses relationship among total sales, total cost and profit. Cost Volume-Profit relationship is one of the important techniques of cost and management accounting. It is a powerful tool which furnishes the complete picture of the profit structure and helps in planning of profi ts. It can also answer what if type of questions by telling the volume required to produce.This concept is relevant in all decision making areas, particularly in the short run. Explain P/V ratio and Contribution. P/V Ratio: P/V Ratio (Profit Volume Ratio) is the ratio of contribution to sales which indicates the contribution earned with respect to one rupee of sales. It also measures the rate of change of profit due to change in volume of sales. Its fundamental property is that if per unit sales price and variable cost are constant then P/V Ratio will be constant at all the levels of activities. A change in fixed cost does not affect P/V Ratio. It is calculated as under: Contribution * 100) / Sales (Change in profits * 100) / (Change in sales) A high P/V Ratio indicates that a slight increase in sales without increase in fixed costs will result in higher profits. A low P/V ratio which indicates low profitability can be improved by increasing selling price, reducing marginal costs or selling products having high P/V ratio. Contribution: It is the difference between sales revenue and variable cost (also known as variable cost). Variable cost is the important cost in deciding profitability as fixed costs are ignored by marginal costing. It can be expressed in two ways: Sales Revenue – Variable Cost †¢ Fixed Cost + Profit The situation generating higher contribution is treated as a profitable situation. Explain Break Even Point. How does BEP help in making business decision? Break Even Point (BEP) is a volume of sales where there is neither loss nor profit. That means contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs. Thus, we can say that Contribution = Fixed Cost Any contribution generated after BEP will directly result into profits as the fixed costs are fully covered now. BEP can be computed in two ways: In terms of Quantity- Fixed Costs / Contribution per unitIn terms of Amount- (Fixed Costs) / (P/V Ratio) BEP (Break Even Point) is the situation whe re there is neither loss nor profit. At this stage, the contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs i. e contribution is equal to fixed cost. Contribution generated after the break even point will result in profits for the organisation. Profit maximization is the motive of every organisation. Thus, every organisation use BEP as a base to take various decisions in regard to its sales volume and tries to increase it so that total fixed costs can be covered as early as possible and more profits can be earned.Explain Margin of Safety. Margin of Safety is the amount of sales which generates profit. In other words, sales beyond Break Even Point are known as Margin of Safety. It is calculated as the difference between total sales and the break even sales. It can be expressed in monetary terms or number of units. It can be expressed as below: Margin of Safety = Sales – Break Even Sales = Sales – {(Fixed Cost) / (P/V Ratio)} = ((Sales * (P/V) Ratio) – Fixed Cost) / ( P/V) Ratio = (Contribution – Fixed Cost) / (P/V) Ratio = Profit / (P/V) RatioThe size of margin of safety is an extremely important guide to the financial strength of a business. If margin of safety is large, which indicates that BEP is much below the actual sales, that means business is in a sound condition and reduction in sales will not affect the profit of the business. On the other hand, if margin of safety is low, any loss of sales may be a serious matter. Thus, efforts need to be made to reduce fixed costs, variable costs or increasing the selling price or sales volume to improve contribution and overall P/V Ratio.

The Mega Manufacturing

Mega Manufacturing is a manufacturer of sports shoes for men and women. They are investigating each department in order to cut back on spending in order to eliminate wastes of resources. One potential waste is coming from the cutting department. The waste of material is costing the company monitory resources that could further benefit the company if allocated elsewhere. Several solutions have been discovered with the cutting process but if the problem were to be solve d there is both a salary saving and the elimination of waste, in this particular department. However the solution lies with the employees of this department and the solution will cost some of them their jobs. The variables effecting the disclosure of this information vary from one's need for monitory income, to the esteem of the position. Management is facing several possible decisions that include employee employment assurance to cost savings and company bottom line figures. Their decisions are founded on management decisions, employee motivations and resistance to innovations and the notion of getting these resistant employees to adopt the innovations. First, the management decisions regarding the cutting process and the problems that are associated with them. The notion that the skilled workers of the cutting department are aware of a solution to the problem with the breaking dies indicates that there is a solution to the problem. On the standpoint of the company, investigation into the proper use and successful completion of the cut using the die needs to be resolved. The die eliminates wastage and will speed up productivity of the cutting process. It will also make the individual machine operator more efficient which will conclude with the elimination of several positions may allocated more resources previously spent on employee salaries. This cost savings will free up allocations previously spent on overhead and allocated to other departments that may increase spending in order to increase sales, or add more to the stockholders bottom line. As a machine operator aware of this notion that relinquishing this information could cost him/her their job, there needs to be some cause for hesitation. The workers are paid on an hourly base so the increase of efficiency will also allow management the ability to cut hours, which will also hurt the workers. If faced with this dilemma I would have to first find out if the solution the breaking dies were legit. Because of the two-month time delay in the manufacturing of the dies I also have to worry about the productivity of the department on the half of the workers if future layoffs were in sight. I would also have to know if the cost savings would be passed on the consumer and how these variables will effect sales. If demand for the product were to increase there may be no need for lay offs. However if there was a need to make cuts in the workforce there would be need to evaluate each individual on the grounds of seniority and skill level to insure proper staffing of the department and explore options of moving personal to other departments. So my conclusion to the dilemma facing this question has to many variables but I have explored decisions with regards to time and company proposals of use of the freed resources. There are two motivating factors that our cutters face in the dilemma with regards to the die cutting information they include the following: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, and Herzberg's Two- factor Theory. First, Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. The worker is at a job that provides substance for himself and possibly a family. The information and innovation that the die implantation brings may disrupt his/her ability to provide so without so assurance of the continued employment and income potential; the worker will not relinquish the information needed for successful inauguration of the die cutting process. However, if that assurance were provide their would be increased productivity in the department and successful integration of the project will fill Maslows notion that people thrive for accomplishment, and the efficiency of the department will bring this idea to reality. There may also be negative connotations that may be brought about As well. If there were that worker who was fearful for their job might relinquish this vital information to management for assured employment, this also demonstrates Maslows basic survival needs theory. Second is Herzbergs two-factor theory, called dissatisfies or hygiene factors. They include such notions of working condition, benefits recognition and possible promotional opportunities. The employee is unwilling to do anything that may jeopardize their livelihood. Implication of this process will result in lay offs that may damage this security. This will also pose a threat to the workers acceptance among peers. If layoffs are inevitable there may develop groups within the department of loyal skilled labors who pose a greater chance of employment after the downsizing. This is a possible threat even if the project is just in consideration, which may impose productivity problems while implication is in the process, and future problems if the project is discarded due to the already imposed loyalty among the divided department. There is also the factor if employees resistance to change with the implication of the new cutting process. There are several factors of habit, security, economic factors, fear of the unknown and lastly selective information processing that influence these factors of resistance. Employees develop habits in the work place that become routine and habitual and allow the worker to become part of the department and allow the worker develop routines that increase productivity. Security issues factor in the employee's unwillingness to change, in fear of loosing their jobs. Economic factors develop when the worker fears that change will lower their income, tying into the security concerns. Fear of the unknown indicates that humans are unwilling to change when the ends of the means is unknown. Selective information processing is the individual perception of the relevance of the change. If the individual feels that the change is unnecessary they are reluctant to change.

Body Ritual Among the Nacirema

The â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† by Horace Miner, is an article that examines the various rituals that manifests within industrialized societies, specifically referencing to the United States. In the article Miner joked about the invasion of privacy and the obsession of becoming immortal. Miner provides gives outstanding evidence that the characteristics or an attitude of the human body has a broad influence on a variety of institutions in the Nacirema society. Throughout the article Miner provides an understanding perspective how Americans do similar rituals in a different point of view. One key word that was emphasized in the article that numerous times was â€Å"ritual† and how it transformed the way we lives. It clearly mentions how our society perceives that idea and whether we act positively or negatively to it. Miner implements a wonderful inscription on the readers thought as how other societies may view our own. After reading the article, I agree with many ideas Miner made about society because of country does use exaggerated body image and misuse the idea of preventive medicine. The natural tendency of the human body and mind has always sparked a great debate. For example, were humans born with good or a bad intention is an ongoing debate. Remarkably, these beliefs are also reflected within a society or cultures even today. A group called Nacirema, located in North America, believed that the human body is ugly and is prone to â€Å"natural tendency† which was debility and disease. Following this â€Å"natural tendency†, the â€Å"holy mouth man† used magical instruments and drilled them into the holes of cavities created by tooth decay. Although this practice was believed to cure the problem it only intensified the infection in the tooth. Also there was a medicine man that treated sick patients which ultimately leaves them in a state where they can never be cured. These practices were performed in Nacirema, which showed their faith towards the natural law of humans. In contrast to the Nacriema’s culture, our modern society has somewhat of different approach to this â€Å"natural tendency†. In general, it is inevitably that all humans will age which means they are more susceptible to becoming ill. Thus, the â€Å"natural tendency† in our modern society does not differ much from the Nacirema culture. Yet, our modern society seems to disapprove the natural tendency. People try to look more youthful by applying cosmetics, treat diseases and vaccines shots regularly. In today’s society the rituals of the Nacirema may seem cruel and inhumane. However the Nacriema culture can be characterized as following the natural tendency, which is the law of the universe. Therefore, based on the analysis of the two distinct perspectives toward our approach to nature, it can be known that cultural relativism is needed when looking at different cultures. Miner’s ironic article, â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† is an entertaining social commentary can be argued to be ethnocentric. Miner knowingly chooses the American culture because of their cultural practices (the use of cosmetics and hygiene products). One would expect to hear the practice of our society is technologically primitive and tribal. Miner evokes this approach of thinking to the reader by attempting to unwittingly use our cultural preconceptions against our own customs. Ultimately I believe Miner achieved his goal to force readers to believe that concept. Similarly to every other culture, Americans have plenty of taboo practices that when viewed objectively they appear very illogical and in some cases ridiculous. Upon reaching his revelation, Miner says, â€Å"we should view the traditions of other cultures with an improved understanding. † However, I think it would be foolish to believe that we can ever completely eliminate ourselves of all cultural biases or ethnocentricity. Each individual will always view life at his or her own viewpoint. Perhaps this is what Miner was trying convey to us. Maybe he wanted us to view our culture and determine how we would be viewed in other cultures. The idea does spark great debate for those who conduct intellectual or scientific research. Nonetheless, they are in theory accountable to present their own findings without injecting their own opinions, but conversely this an absolutely unrealistic expectation. Try as they may, as I mentioned earlier; people will see things differently through there own eyes and any beliefs that accompanies their idea. In conclusion, I felt a bit saddened while reading, â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† because there are a lot of people who stress so hard on appearance, rather than living life as humble and optimistically as possible. In fact, the whole article made the United States seem a bit sickening morally. If I could pretend that Nacirema was a culture outside of our country, I would never visit that country because of the harsh critics and judgments I would have to endure constantly. Frivolous judgments like how you look, the way you dress and how much wealth you generate. Overall I’ve learned a lot and I didn’t know anything about the Nacirema definitely an article everyone should read.

Issues with Chinese goods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Issues with Chinese goods - Research Paper Example If there is no regulation set in place by the Chinese regarding their exported goods, this will do nothing to solve the problem. It is evident that toxins found in Chinese goods are a problem. In a recent article it is found that in China 800,000 children are affected by lead each year. This number is alarming compared to the 1% that affects American children (PureLivingChina2011). When China is not doing their part to raise awareness levels in China, the goods brought into the United States will continue to be unsafe. Since the creator of the products is not willing to change the regulation on exported goods, the United States needs to change the regulation on imported goods. It is likely that when the Chinese sees a decrease in sales that this will force a new regulation. It really has to start with those in charge becoming concerned. It is not cost effective to run tests on all products coming in from China. China needs to be the one performing the tests and providing reports befo re a trade is initiated. Works Cited Check4Lead. "Effects Of Lead Poisoning | Check4Lead.com." Effects of Lead Poisoning. Check 4 Lead. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. PureLivingChina. "Lead Exposure | PureLiving China." PureLiving China | Indoor Environmental Solutions. CNN.

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Streptococcus Pneumoniae - Research Paper Example The micro-organism incorporates the genetic material of another microorganism through a process of transformation. The presence of F-antigen helps in acquiring of genetic material from different sources. Therefore, it means that the organism can change from one serotype to the other. This is quite significant to the development of resistance to antibiotics in the organism. It increases the virulence of the organism. The increasing severity of micro organism is attributed to its ability to assume different shapes. When the organism acquires genetic material with genes of resistance to antibiotics, it replicates to resist the host defense mechanism. The virulence in these microorganisms is associated with the capsular material. The capsule resists the hosts’ phagocytosis mechanism thereby surviving and multiplying in the host tissues. The virulence factors of the microorganism include surface protein A. autolysin, and immunoglobulin A. Streptococci pneumoniae are found in the ho st’s upper airways, nose, or throat. They are part of normal flora in human beings. However, the organism becomes infectious depending on the immunity status of the host. In the immune comprised host, they cause some of the deadly diseases that include pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, peritonitis, and bacteremia. These are diseases of upper and lower respiratory tract. When in the host tissues, pneumococcal undergoes genetic changes that convert the colonies from opaque to transparent ones.

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Exam - Essay Example is the pros and cons of withdrawing my services and return all the money paid by the pharmaceutical company or continue with the project and turn a blind eye to the side effects of the drug. I would not continue with the project because of guilt conscience that would torment me for the rest of my life considering that I may have contributed to the death or paralysis or even permanent brain damage of an individual due to my greed for money and fear or being bankrupt, which all add up to selfishness and individualism. It will also mean that I will be looking over my shoulders each time and jumping every time I hear police siren for fear of being incriminated as a participant. It is therefore better for me to be declared bankrupt than to â€Å"kill† humanity and live with anxiety and torture for the rest of my life. b) Avoidance of such a situation in future is by carrying out a complete background check on the clients before entering into any contracts with them. This will ensure the protection of the business and all the personnel there and also act to uphold the integrity of the firm or company. A blemish in the background check that could have serious implications for the firm in future should not be ignored. It is better to lose that contract then than to have future problems like the one discussed above. c) If such a scenario as the one presented above is unavoidable, it is better to have damage control strategies like having lawyers for the firm who can defend the firm in case things go haywire in future. The other way is to have an exit strategy like having invested in other types of businesses or having money saved somewhere which you can use to start a new business elsewhere. Insurance cover also comes in handy in such a situation and all these are measure to protect you, the staff and the business or firm. a) Encryption is codifying information so that others cannot be able to access it or understand it without having the code specially made for that

The Value of Yield Curve to Predict Recessions Coursework

The Value of Yield Curve to Predict Recessions - Coursework Example The same can be affirmative for other measures which contribute to the difference between short and long term interest rates. The term spread is a significant part of various indices of prominent indicators, some of which are inclusive of the Conference Board and the leading index and recession index of Stock and Watson (1989, 1993). Since, the yield curve is cited as flat in current period, the issue is quite contemporary, as the yield curve as modestly inverted as well. Term spreads play a significant role as a leading indicator because under the expectations attribution, neglecting the term premiums primarily, they measure the difference between the current short-term interest rates and the average of the expected future short-term interest rates over a long and new field of vision. In other words, a term spread is the measure of the pose of the monetary policy in relation with the long-run expectations. With increment in the term spread, current monetary policy becomes even more restrictive, thereby, giving rise to a recession over the subsequent quarters. With such a rationale detesting the term premiums, it is not legible to necessarily capture all the information in the yield curve about the liability of a recession by the spread of short-term interest rates over the yield on a long-term bond. The rise in the gradation of current short-term interest rates has no reason for them having identical predictive content for the liabilities of a recession as degradation in the average anticipated future nominal interest rates over, such as for the upcoming decade. However, the usage of the term spread as an overall explanatory constraint has such a connotation. Furthermore, since, it is quite clear from the existence of term premiums, which are time-varying and contribute to typically incrementing in the bond maturity, thereby, complicating the interpretation of spreads between the short- and long-term Treasury yields, the detestation of term premiums seems to be inappropriate. World prominent scholars like Hamilton and Kim, and Ang, Piazze si and Wei, have made an argument regarding the term premium and anticipations hypothesis constituents of the term spread, as they possess contrasting statistical correlations with the future growth (2002, 2006). A decline in the term premium, derived extrinsically, is theoretically sensible to some extent, since it makes financial conditions more coordinative, thereby, stimulating growth while flattening the yield curve. A measure of the pose of monetary policy which is less intricate as a result of the effects of term premiums, is referred to as the federal funds rate. The shape of yield curve is inclusive of

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment Essay

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment - Essay Example The paper tells that the people in the past were lived in a society of producers; however current people are living in a society of consumers. There are plenty of reasons for this change. Heavy industrialization, development of science and technology and the subsequent changes happened in the life styles and life philosophies of people are some of the major reasons for increased consumerism. There is nothing wrong in transforming our society from the production dimension to consumer dimension if such changes may not cause any harm to our environment. Unfortunately, environmental problems or destruction is directly proportional to the rate of increase of consumerism. In other words, along with the increase in consumerism, increase in environment destruction is also taking place. It is impossible for humankind to survive long if consumerism increases at its present rate. The effects of consumerism on the Earth’s environment are: loss of resources, increased pollution, and loss o f energy. This paper analyses the causes of increased consumerism and its effects on environment. Loss of resources is the major effect of increased consumerism. It should be noted that population is growing at alarming rates whereas the available resources in this world are being reduced because of increased consumption. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem everywhere in this world. It should be noted that drinking water resources are exhausting day by day even though the water levels in the sea are gradually rising because of global warming. There are plenty of people in this world who purchase goods just for increasing their social status. Current consumers compare the goods in the hands of their friends, relatives and neighbours with the goods in their own hands and then take purchasing decisions. Such habits results in wastage of resources and over exploitation of resources. Deforestation is taking place rapidly to find enough space for establishing industries. Nobody take c are about the fact that trees or forests play an important role in maintaining the global climate suitable to living things. Deforestation results in big climate changes and subsequently the life is this earth may become extremely difficult. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment whereas oxygen is good for the environment. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and liberate oxygen to this world. Thus, trees help the environment in maintaining a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Destruction of trees results in increased content of carbon dioxide in atmosphere which is not good for living things. All the living things in this world are interconnected each other in some ways. In other words, the existence or survival of all the living things in this world is necessary for the sustainment of human life. The destructions of animals and birds may affect human life in many ways. For example, snakes are the enemies of rats. Killing or destruction of snakes may result i n increased number of rats. Increased number rats means farmers may not get proper yield from their agriculture. In short, snakes are necessary to maintain the number of rats in this world to a particular level. However, climate changes and environmental problems are causing big destruction of animal life. â€Å"There was a story in the newspaper saying that 37 percent of species could become extinct due to climate change† (Mayell). Increased pollution is another effect of increased consumerism. Air, water and land pollution are caused by increased consumerism. It is already proved that atmospheric temperature is increasing day by day because of environmental pollutions and increased consumption of resources. Atmospheric temperature rise results in global warming. It would be difficult for mankind to live in this world, if the atmospheric temperature rises at its present rate. Automobile use is increased a lot in recent times. Automobiles

Law Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Reflection - Coursework Example Overview of the concepts One of the course’s concepts is formation of a contract that follows the legal definition of a contract as a legally binding agreement that is enforceable by a legal system. Such enforceability however depends on formation of a contract that meets essential legal elements. One of the elements is an agreement between the involved parties. This includes an offer by one party and acceptance, subject to legal provisions, by the other party, known as the offeree. There are however a number of principles that governs offer and acceptance such as communication of an offer or acceptance, termination of an offer and communication of such a termination. Another essential element that defines formation of a contract is transfer of consideration from the offeree to the offeror. Consideration, like agreement, is also governed by legal principles such as the doctrine of past consideration and the existence of an offer to be supported by the consideration. Other elem ents in the formation of a contract are the parties’ â€Å"intention to create legal relations,† â€Å"reality of consent,† contractual capacity of the parties and legality of the subject matter (Mead, Sagar and Bampton, 2009, p. 44). A formed contract, based on the elements, can therefore be enforceable, unenforceable ab initio or voidable at a party’s discretion (Mead, Sagar and Bampton, 2009). Another learnt concept from the course is a person’s legal capacity to form a valid contract. Even though every individual is generally presumed to have a contractual capacity, there are exempted categories of people whom law presumes to lack contractual capacity. Such groups are minors; people bellow legally recognized majority age, those who are mentally incapacitated, and those who are substantially under influence of intoxicants. Minors, due to their lack of capacity are only legally liable for being a party to contracts for supplies of their necessiti es while the mentally ill or intoxicated are legally liable when they become parties to contracts for provision of necessities or at a time of insignificant degree of insanity or intoxication. Any other contract by the parties, whose subject matter is legal, is therefore unenforceable unless affirmed by the parties upon gaining contractual capacity. The contracts however bind the other party, if it has contractual capacity unless the contract is avoided. Principles of the doctrine of legal capacity also have a number of exceptions (Twomey and Jennings, 2010). Relevance of the concepts to my career The concepts are relevant to my intended career of venturing into business as they regulate the profession. My career will for example involve formation of contracts with both my suppliers and my buyers for sale of the cloths. Establishment of promises and their enforceability will therefore rely on the essential elements of a contract and contractual capacity of my customers and suppliers . The concepts are therefore relevant in regulating agreements that will exist between my buyers and suppliers, and my business (Mead, Sagar and Bampton, 2009). How the concepts will help me prepare for my career The concepts will help me prepare for my career through developing my knowledge in the career’s legal environment. Being informed of formation of enforceable contracts will for example help me to avoid losses due to unenforceable contra

William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare Essay In the Elizabethan time period 1589-95 Sir William Shakespeare a playwright wrote the play Romeo and Juliet. The play is often thought of as a love story however it is actually far more concerned with violence, death and fate than it is with love. Romeo and Juliet is highly regarded as one of Shakespeares best plays, even as one of the worlds finest love stories. However the play has many other themes of conflict, violence and inevitable tragedy. The play title immediately introduces the theme of love, and the not the darker side of the play, as the name Romeo and Juliet refers to two lovers and nothing else. The play also includes the constant mentioning of the inevitable tragedy. In this essay I will be looking at the themes of forbidden love, family feuds, and revenge that come between the relationship of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet to answer the question of how violence and conflict are introduced by finding evidence to support each theme. I will then conclude by answering the question as a whole. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-Upon-Avon. He married Anne Hathaway in 1882 and had two children. Hamnet and Judith. William Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1590 and 1613. Shakespeare used a variety of sources for his dramas. The story of Romeo and Juliet was by all accounts taken from the poem, The tragic history of Romeus and Juliet written by Arthur Brooke, though the original story may be derived from the Greek author, Xenophon. The play was published in quarto form in 1597 so it is safe to assume that the play may have been written a couple of years earlier, during the first stage of his career. The Quartos contained single plays and were sold for a sixpence each. The play is unusual in that it is a tragedy, for the bulk of his writing in the early years were comedies and histories. Romeo and Juliet marry at a young age of 14 and 15, which links to the time period of the fifteen hundreds as young marriages were not uncommon. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare includes the theme of revenge to give the play action and tragedy. Romeo blames himself for the death of Mercutio, and is resentful of Tybalts insults; he fears that his love for Juliet has weakened his courage. After witnessing Mercutios death, Romeo vows to slay Tybalt. And red-eyed fury may be my conduct now! Romeo says here how he is filled with anger and wants revenge, and he may behave with his anger now. Red-eyed, shows he is filled with anger and rage and that he is ruling with his heart and not his logic. Either thou, or I, or both must go with him. Romeo angrily says here that they will fight and one of them or both of them will die and join Mercutio. Romeo thinks this should happen as he has lost a friend and will fight, no matter what the outcomes is, to avenge Mercutio. Both outcomes of the fight will create a tragedy because Romeo will either die or be banished. Romeos revenge leads to a violent and tragic end to Tybalts life. Violence is introduced through Romeos hunt for revenge. Another example of revenge is when Tybalt spots Romeo at Juliets marriage party. He wants revenge and goes in search of Romeo to fight him. Boy shall not excuse his injuries that thou hast done me, therefore turn and draw. Tybalt wants to cause Romeo pain for intruding at Juliets party and will fight others to get to Romeo. This is shown when Tybalt ten kills Mercutio, which leads onto the next scene of revenge. This is also an example of the theme of inevitable tragedy. Shakespeare weaves inevitable tragedy into many acts in Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare shows this immediately in the prologue as well as saying that the theme of inevitable tragedy will continue as the play goes on. A pair of star crossed lovers, (the phrase puts forward the fact that the two lovers are doomed from the start. The phrase means love is blind. This shows how the two lovers are in love, and this makes them do things that they would normally suggest other people to do otherwise.)

Organisations Are Not All The Same

Organisations Are Not All The Same Majority of organizations have a management structure that determines the relationships between the members and different activities happening within the organisation, the responsibilities ,the assigned roles and finally the authority to carry out different tasks. Organizations are open systems, their surroundings or environments affect them and they in turn affect their environment. What do organisations do? The ultimate goal of an organization is the ability working together. The strength of an organization arises from its capacity for coordination of systems, people, and activities. Coordination and integration is very essential to every single organisation, because this not only helps the organisation grow, but also makes it stronger as a unit. So therefore integration and coordination are the most advanced tools of an organisation. What are they composed of? Organisations are composed of major subsystems, such as teams, groups, departments and programmes etc. departments, programs, divisions, teams, etc. Each of these subsystems has a way of doing things to, along with other subsystems. How are organisations; organised? Organisations are made up of different sub structures. In any organization employees duties are typically defined by who they report to, what they do, and for the managers, who reports to them. As the organization grows bigger these roles are assigned to positions within the organization rather than to specific individuals. The best an organization is organized depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of labor, capital, revenue, and the location of its facilities; and the types of the businesses the organization is involved in. Are they all the same; or are there differences? Organisations are not all the same If they are different; in what way do they differ? Organisations differ through the structures a particular organisation chooses to run its firm on. What are the reasons for the differences? Seminar Question Two Why is understanding the context within which an organisation operates important? (Remember you should be using the literature to develop and support your answers) The organizational context refers to the scope of an entity, such as an entire organisation, a sub-organisation within the overall organisation, a work unit, a parent organization a work role etc. There are three perspectives to which an organisation operates; they are the strategic, tactical and operational. The strategic focuses on long term needs within the organisation, the tactical focuses on long term needs within the organisational context, and the operational perspectives is based on users task within the organisation. Seminar Question three What benefit would strategic decision-makers gain from utilising a definitive framework and following a specified strategy development and deployment process? Strategic management evaluates the major initiatives taken by a companys top management on behalf of owners, involving resources and performance in external environments. It specifies the organizations vision, mission, and goals. It helps shapes up policies and plans, often in terms of certain target to be meet or projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these goals. According to recent studies carried out by leading management theorists strategy needs to start with stake holders expectations when dealing with any major problem. Strategic management provides guidance and an overall direction to the firm. According to Arieu (2007), there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context. Seminar Question Four Carry out a PESTLE analysis of a nationally operating retailing organisation. Discuss the results of your analysis and any conclusions you can make concerning the organisations mid to long term future. What trends might be useful to monitor as a performance indicator for strategic actions the organisation might take? Use the PESTLE grids we looked at this week and submit copies with your answer PESTLE ANALYSIS FOR COCA-COLA Coca-Cola, the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of beverage drinks in the world as of today. Coca-Cola is recognized as the worlds most valuable brand in the beverage industry. They have the worlds largest beverage distribution system, plus boasting total consumers in more than 200 countries Political Analysis Government regulations and rules make Coca-Cola follow and open strict laws and regulations. Government have potential fines and penalties set aside if they do not meet this rules. Different changes in laws and regulations, changes in non-alcoholic environment Seminar Question Five Conduct a review of the business literature, and then carry out a Five Force analysis of the Coca-Cola organisation. Describe and discuss the results of your analysis The competitive structure of coca cola organisation and can be analysed using Porters five forces. This model attempts to analyse the coca cola industry by considering five forces within its market. The extent to which barriers to entry exist. The more difficult it becomes for other firms to enter the market, therefore making it more likely for existing firms to make more profits. Coca cola as an existing brand would have a high level of loyalty form its customers and as an already existing it may react aggressively to any new entrant into its type of market. Thirdly the stronger the power of buyers in an industry the more likely it is that they will be able to force down prices and reduce the profits of firms that provide the product. There would also be heavy competition coca cola faces regularly from its different rivals such as Pepsi, and since there is a high degree of rivalry that exist between these two fierce competitors, it would be relatively hard for coca cola to generate high profits. In addition, supplier power plays a big role in Coca-Cola operating strategy because, if the supplier power is strong, then it would be difficult for Coca-Cola to make high profits if the suppliers determine the terms and conditions on which the business is run. Finally Coca-Cola is likely to generate higher returns if the industry Is difficult to enter, there are limited rivalry, the buyers are relatively weak, Suppliers are also relatively weak, and there are few substitutes. On the other hand from my review, they would make low returns, if the suppliers are strong, there are numerous substitutes available, there is a high degree of rivalry between the firms, buyers are strong, and the industry is easy to enter. Seminar Question Six In an organisation change programme after PESTLE and 5 force analysis have been completed the 7S Model specifies seven factors that are classified into soft and hard elements. Soft elements are skills style and shared values, while the hard elements on the other hand are easily identified and influenced by management. The hard elements are systems, structure and strategy. Seminar Question Seven When considering the Boston Matrix explains what causes products and services to be cash users, cash neutral or cash generators. Explain why an organisation might decide to keep providing a product or service long after it has reached the decline and low return stage of the life cycle. Cash cows have high customer loyalty and own a high percentage of the market share .This is because customers have a good understanding of the product and most times are loyal, and less marketing support is needed to promote the particular good or service. These high sales results in economies of scale so therefore the average unit costs are relatively low. Profit margins, on the other hand, are likely to be on the high side because the product is a major cash generator. Seminar Question Eight What would the value chain of a university look like? Produce a value chain model and a short description. Make some suggestions of how to improve the cost effectiveness of some of the value chain elements. Seminar Question Nine Produce a table that records the features of the competitive positioning strategies of: Ryan Air, BMW and Rolls Royce. Where do each of these organisations fit in the Porter Generic Strategy Model? Describe how each organisation sustains their competitive advantage Seminar Question Ten The key stakeholders for the University of Huddersfield are: The students /parents alumni: The students want a good valued degree leading to further study or graduate employment. A good caring safe student experience with a good quality accommodation and top class facilities is also needed. Furthermore high standards of teaching and academic support 3. Employees businesses 4. School colleges 5. Applied research funders

Women Priests Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one was to take a step back and look at our society as a whole one would see that women’s rights have changed dramatically over the last century. Women are no longer expected to get married, have children, and stay at home to take care of their family. Women have left the home and entered the work force. There have been many laws passed to prevent the discrimination of women and to make sure that they are treated equally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly, one can say that there is still a struggle between the sexes over the organization of modern society. Society has indeed embraced a gender war of sorts through the ages which has culminated in a outcome that declares the male the victor. One example of this is that women are not allowed to be ordained as priests in the Catholic Church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, I attended Catholic schools until high school. I was instructed by mostly nuns. I can remember that when the priest came into the room we would have to stand up as a sign of respect towards our faith. As I got older, I began to think that nuns are part of the religious life but we don’t have to treat them with this same respect. During my catholic education, I was taught that God created us in his image and likeness. If this is true, and as Christians we believe that Christ is the fullest manifestation of God, how can they say that only men image God? Are women incapable of revealing God?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A hundred years ago, women had little standing in the Catholic Church, like in society in general. Women were not allowed to: receive communion during their monthly periods and after giving birth to a child they needed to be purified before re-entering a church building. Women were strictly forbidden to touch sacred items such as the chalice, the paten, or the alter linen. They certainly could not distribute holy communion. While in church, women need to have their heads veiled at all times. Women were also barred from entering the sanctuary except for cleaning purposes, reading Sacred Scripture from the pulpit, preaching, singing in a church choir, being alter servers, becoming full members of confraternities and organizations of the laity, and most importantly women were barred from receiving Holy Orders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our time today with the new awarenes... ...you were to walk into a Catholic Church this Sunday you would most likely see a women on the alter. However this women would not be weary the fancy vestments standing behind the alter. Women have come a long way, but until a women is able to be ordained as a priest, Catholic Churches will continue to play on gender roles.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I am not and never will be interested in becoming a priest myself, I feel that excluding women from the priesthood because of their sex is discriminatory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Bartusch, D., Matsueda, R. â€Å"Gender, reflected appraisals, and labeling a cross-group test of an interactionst theory of delinquency.† Social Forces (1996). Greeley, A. (1984). Angry Catholic Women. Illinois: The Thomas More Press. Ruether, R. (1985). Women-Church, Theology and Practice. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Sweeney, T. (1992). A Church Divided. NewYork: Prometheus Books. Swidler, L. (1977). Women Priest; A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration. New York: Paulist Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Gabriella :: Personal Narrative Russia Judaism Papers

Gabriella Sometimes I still say your name, just to hold it in my mouth, to twirl it past the curves of vowels and into the trill of the l, the lilt of the final a. Gabriella, I still see your sharp, strange face, in street crowds and in airports, the flutter of your long hands tracing my belly button. I can’t remember Gabriella’s last name, something quite Russian and excitingly foreign to the five year old self of mine who last saw her. I don't know which part of Russia she lived in before coming here as part of a refugee plan for Soviet Jews, never even thought to ask. In 1983, I only knew that Russians were communists, and communists were bad, which was why Gabriella (stop, wait, say the name again, slowly). Gabriieeelllaaa ran away. I am four years old and have to read one whole book with chapters before starting kindergarten next week at Ezra Academy, a Jewish day school in Woodbridge, Connecticut which requires all students to read and write both Hebrew and English at a basic level upon entrance. When we met the principal over the summer, he said that I would be the youngest pupil by more than a year. For my book, I pick Meet Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. from a shiny shelf at Stop n’ Shop while dangling over the front of the child seat in my mother’s shopping cart, already too round to fit in comfortably. That night, I curl into my pink flannel princess nightgown to read in my mother’s big maroon rocking chair. "Mommy, were the Jim Crow people commu..commm...communin,..cc...communinists?" "Communists?" She smiles, and I watch for the crinkles at her eyes to tell me if she noticed my tangled pronunciation. "Are the people who hated Dr. King the same people who hate Gabriella?" "Who?" My mother drawls over the who, dangling the word like the glass in her hand, one sip left of pale rose colored wine so perfect I want to place it like dew on my tongue "Wine is only for mommies" "If I’m not allowed to drink more than one glass of ginger ale why can you drink five glasses of wine?" "Because it’s different for grownups, our stomachs are bigger" "Big enough for the whole bottle?" "Don’t be silly. Who were you asking me about before?" "Remember! The girl who is going to be in my class who you said Rabbi Scolnik helped rescue from the cc.

Media Chronicle: The Academy Awards Essay example -- Media

Ever since I was a little girl, my mom used to have me watch movies in English so I would get better at the language. That activity soon developed into a longtime love for watching movies of all kinds. From comedies to dramas, I found that movies gave me a certain space for myself and showed me new places and worlds to explore. That love of movies led me to discovering one of the biggest influences in my life: The Academy Awards. I was ten years old when I first watched the ceremony and being so young at the time, all I knew was that a group of celebrities gathered to celebrate movies. Yet, as time went by and as I kept getting older and more knowledgeable about the awards, they became something more to me. The show not only changed my perspective about movies, but it also gave me a new insight into what I want to do with my life, and about the power of dreams and choices. Historically, the Academy Awards were created in the late 1920s by The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) which was founded in May 1927 by Louis B. Mayer, an executive of MGM studios and thirty six other members. These awards were created as a way to help the film industry advance and develop in different and important aspects and to also recognize achievement. Most commonly known as the Oscars, the first ceremony took place on May 16, 1929 at the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel and it was a modest affair with the winners having been announced three months earlier and the presentation lasting roughly five minutes. The following year a Los Angeles radio station covered the ceremony and as time went by, the development of new technologies brought the rise of television during the 1950s. It was the year 1953 when the first TV broa... ...ds not only represent the greatest achievements in filmmaking, but to me they represent the love of movies, of dreams coming true, of opportunities being given and of lives being changed. They have changed my life and I am sure they will continue to do so. Just as movies will always be present in my life, so will this piece of media; reminding me to be better, to take risks and to make bold and wise choices that can take me far. Works Cited - "History of the Academy Awards | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences." Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Web. 01 Feb. 2012. . - "Academy Awards, the Most Famous Awards Ever." Fun Film Talk, a Great Place to Chat about Movies and Filmmaking. Web. 01 Feb. 2012. .

Overall Banking of Bank Asia Limited

[pic] PART A INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT [pic] [pic]1: Introduction [pic] 1. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY [pic] Bank is a financial institution whose main aim is to earn profit through exchange of money and credit instruments. A banking company must perform both of the essential function accepting of deposits and lending or investing the same. If the purpose of acceptance of deposits is not to lend or invest, the business will not be called banking business. It may be said that banking in its most simple form, is as old as authentic history. As early as 2000 B. C. Bany Lonians has developed a system of banks.In ancient Greece and Rome the practice of granting credit was widely prevalent. According to some authorities the word â€Å"Bank† is derived from the words banco, bancus, banque or bance. All of these words mean a bench upon which the mediaeval European bankers used to sit with their coins to transact banking business. When a banker failed to meet his obligations, the angry p eople used to break up his â€Å"banco†. The account for origin of the word â€Å"Bankrupt† which means bank failure but whatever be the origin of the bank, the word came to be used in Europe from the middle age in connection with the business of bank.Money also links the history of banking. It created a logical necessity of banks. However, the birth of present day banking is not sudden. It has come to its present stage through a process of development. During the last decade, banking became the most competitive industries of Bangladesh with a huge amount of growth. A large number of new banks have made their way in the industry and yet there are more to come. In such a highly competitive service industry, ‘customer satisfaction’ is a very important factor to consider. High customer atisfaction and loyalty give an organization a better base than its competitors and allows it to flourish in the industry. 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY [pic] General Objective The general objective of preparing this report is to fulfill the requirement of project work as well as completion the BBA Program through gaining the experience and view the application of theoretical knowledge in the real life. Also find out the Operational Process of the Bank and it’s overall Performance. Project Objective The objectives of this report are the followings: Get introduced with the idea of â€Å"Customer Service Quality† in Bank Asia Ltd. ? Introduce with the Bank service quality assessment tools ? Techniques to win a strong customer base ? To know the expectations of customers of Bank Asia Ltd. ? To analyze different activities of different desk. ? To analyze different rules and regulations of the Banking System. ? To analyze the procedures of making loan. ? To analyze how to provide better customer service. ? To analyze how bankers introduce their product to the clients and customers. To know how people communicate with clients, customers and head offic e about different purposes and how they use information system. ? To Know the position of Bank Asia Ltd in the Market ? To know the study’s and conditions of overall performance ? To make some recommendations and conclusion to further the development of Retail products of Bank Asia Ltd. 1. 3 Methodology of the study [pic] To make the report more meaningful and presentable, two sources of data and information were used widely. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to prepare this report.The nature of this report is descriptive with some survey or using sampling method. Most of the necessary information has been collected by a questionnaire, officers working in Retail Banking. 1. 4 DATA COLLECTION [pic] Both the primary and secondary forms of data are used to make the report more rich and informative. The details of these sources are gives below: Primary Sources Most of the information was acquired by discussing with the officers working in the Patherhat Branch of Bank Asia Ltd. Observation and work experience with different divisional in-charges and suggestions of many executives of the bank.Secondary Sources Annual Report of the Bank Asia Limited. Various books, articles, compilations etc. Websites of the Bank. Instruction circular of Head Office, brochures of different banks, newspapers and magazines regarding banking issues, seminar papers and so on. 1. 5 LIMITATIONS [pic] The report was not free from limitations. The study has been conducted on the subject of â€Å"Activities in Bank Asia Limited†. The Officers of Bank Asia have provided all the necessary information with his best abilities. Key limitations of the study are as follows: The internship is a very short period of time. During this short period it is very difficult to study about Bank Asia properly. ? The data and information collected from Bank Asia was not clearly related with the topic. ? The study was not successfully completed due lack of knowledge of banking profession. ? Some data and information was not provided by Bank Asia due to maintain secrecy. ? The data that are collected contained lots of information so it is very difficult to represent all information concisely. ? Bank is a very busy organization with comparison to others.There are rushes of people for about whole the day and the officers have to transact with them. So it is very much tough for Credit Officers to allocate time for me. [pic] PART B COMPANY PROFILE [pic] [pic]2: COMPANY PROFILE [pic] 2. 1 ABOUT BANK ASIA [pic] Bank Asia is one of the renowned and successful banks in Bangladesh established in 1999. The paid up capital of the Bank is 1116 million. With in very short time Bank Asia has established itself as one of the fast growing local private Bank. Now it has 66 branches in its network. It has own ATM service.It provides ATM service through other banks too. Mr. A. Rouf Chowdhury is the Chairman of Bank Asia. Bank Asia is operated by the experienced, qualified, professional management teams whom have exposure in the international market. In the year 2003 the Bank again came to the limelight with over subscription of the Initial Public Offering of the shares of the Bank, which was a record (55 times) in our capital market’s history and its shares commands respectable premium. Bank Asia is maintaining it’s competitiveness by leveraging on its Online Banking Software and modern IT infrastructure.It the pioneer amongst the local Banks in introducing innovative products like SMS Banking and under the ATM Network the Stelar Online Banking Software enables directs linking of a client’s account, without the requirements for a separate account. Bank Asia has long experience in the financial sector of our country. By their programmatic decision and management directives in the operational activities, the Bank has earned a secured and distinctive position in the banking industry in term of performance, growth and excellent manage ment. 2. 2 CORPORATE INFORMATION[pic] ? Letter of intent received : 24/02/1999 First meeting of the Promoters held: 15/04/1999 ? Certificate of incorporation received: 28/09/1999 ? Certificate of commencement of Business : 28/09/1999 ? First meeting of the board of Directors held: 01/10/1999 ? Banking license received : 06/10/1999 ? First branch license received: 31/10/1999 ? Inauguration of Bank : 27/11/1999 ? Date of publication of Prospectus : 29/06/2003 ? Date of IPO Subscription : 23/09/2003, 24/09/2003 ? Date of first share trading in Bourse : 08/01/2004 ? Date of agreement with CDBL : 20/12/2005 ? Date of first scrip less trading : 30/01/2006 Numbers of Promoters: 22 ? Numbers of Directors: 11 ? Numbers of Branches : 66 ? Auditors : S. F. Ahmed &CO. Chartered Accountants House #25, Road # 13A, Block- D, Banani, Dhaka- 1213. ? Registered Office: Tea Board Building (1st floor) 111-113, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh. 2. 3 MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY OF BANK ASIA LIMIT ED [pic] 2. 4 MISSION STATEMENT OF BANK ASIA [pic] To assist in bringing high quality service to our customers and to participate in the growth and expansion of our national economy.To set high standards of integrity and bring total satisfaction to our clients, shareholders and employees. To become the most sought after bank in the country, rendering technology driven innovative services by our dedicated team of professionals. 2. 5 VISION OF BANK ASIA [pic] Bank Asia’s vision is to have a poverty free Bangladesh in course of a generation in the new millennium, reflecting the national dream. Our vision is to build a society where human dignity and human rights receive the highest consideration along with reduction of poverty. 2. 6 COMMITMENT & CULTURE OF BANK ASIA LTD. pic] 2. 6. 1 Social Commitment: Though the purpose of Bank Asia is obviously earning profit, but the promoters and equity holders are aware of their commitment to the society to which they belong. 2. 6. 2 Corpor ate Mission: †¢ To provide high quality financial services in export and import trade. †¢ To provide excellent quality customer service. †¢ To maintain corporate and business ethics. †¢ To become a trusted responsibility of customer’s money and their financial advisor. †¢ To make their stock superior and rewarding to the customers/ share holders. †¢ To display team sprit and professionalism. To have a sound capital base. 2. 6. 3 Corporate Culture: Bank Asia is one of the most disciplined banks with a distinctive corporate culture. Here we believe in shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sense making. Our people can see and understand events, activities, objectives, objects and situation in a distinctive way. They mould their manners and etiquette, character individually to suite the purpose of the bank and the needs of the customers who are of paramount to us. The people in the bank see themselves as a tight knit team/ family that belie ve in working together for growth.The corporate culture we belong has not been imposed; it has rather been achieved through our corporate culture conduct. [pic]3: TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION [pic] 3. 1 DELIVERY CHANNEL [pic] Focusing of the need for increasing customer’s service delivery point Bank Asia has been continuously adding new items. Their delivery channels now include 32 branches one booth, ATMs, internet banking, POS machine of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. and mobile banking. 3. 2 BRANCH NETWORK [pic] Bank Asia intends to achieve to attain balanced growth and expansion of its branch network.Aiming to extend their service and to increase their reach rapidly to their growing and valuable clients. Bank Asia always looking for opportunities for adding more branches to their growing network. 3. 3 ATM [pic] Bank Asia’s ATM Service has been well embraced by the clients since it provides them most flexibility in handling cash money and ensures uninterrupted banking faciliti es round the clock. In the face of growing demand they arranged for addition of new ATMs and set up 10 additional machines during the year 2007.Now they have ATMs of their own also they have under share arrangements 93 ATM E-cash booths and 226 ATMs of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. 3. 4 INTERNET BANKING [pic] Internet banking facilities change their business process, since many customers fell comfortable to execute transaction through internet. The transaction through internet has grown very fast in the recent year. Their internet banking further improved in 2007 and their customer can change their profile, stop payment of issued cheques, see the status of cheques, request a cheque book etc. n addition to existing facilities like fund transfer, balance and transaction enquiry etc. 3. 5 CREDIT CARD FACILITIES [pic] Bank Asia now provides credit card to its customers and clients. Through this card a client can draw money from any bank. [pic] PART C GENERAL BANKING(AN OVERVIEW) [pic]4: GENERA L BANKING (AN OVERVIEW) [pic] 4. 1 Banking Service of Bank Asia Ltd. [pic] Banking Services General Banking Credit/Advance Foreign Exchange CashCash Credit (HYPO)Import AccountsCash Credit (PLEDGE)Export RemittanceCash Credit SchemeRemittance Clearing House Lease FinancingCustomer Service Saving Overdraft 4. 2 CUSTOMER SERVICE[pic] Accepting Deposit: There are three kinds of deposits in Bank Asia those are as follows: a) Demand Deposit. b) Time Deposit. c) Scheme Deposit. a) Demand Deposit: The deposit from which depositors can withdraw money without any notice is demand deposit. These demand deposit also three categories those are as follows: 1) Current deposit (CD Account). 2) Saving Deposit (Saving Account). 3) Short Term Deposit (STD Account). b) Time Deposit: This deposit is called FDR (Fixed Deposit Regular).The amount in this account is payable only after time stipulated. There are three types of time deposits those are as follows: FDR # One Month 10% # Three Month 12. 5% # S ix Month 12. 5% # One Year 12. 5% # BASP 14% C) Scheme Deposits: With the growth of the middle classes and classes of people having a monthly and regular source of income, from which people deposit a specific amount in the Bank at a regular interval of time, is called Scheme Deposit. The following accounts are under Scheme Deposit A/C: 1. Deposit pension Scheme (DPS),2. Monthly Saving Scheme (MSS), 3.Monthly Income Scheme (MIS), 4. Super Saving Scheme (SSS),5. Multi plus Saving Scheme (MPSS). 4. 2. 1 ACCOUNTS OPENING PROCEDURE [pic] To open a new account an applicant has to maintain number of formalities. Bank’s officer also is careful whether necessary documents are provided by the new account opener. To open a new account following formalities have to be maintained: ? An introducer who introduces new account holder to the bank. ? Two copies of passport size recent photograph attested by the introducer. ? Account opening form duly filled. ? Signature card duly signed. One co py of photograph of nominee. ? After fulfilling the above formalities, Bank provides to the customer a deposit slip book and a cheque book which is marked by his new account number. ? If it is joint account each and every person has to provide their details and signed into the account opening form. ? Letter of thanks to the account holder and introducer For Partnership firm: If it is a Partnership firm there is some additional formalities have to be maintained, those are as follows: ? Partner’s signature ? Partner’s name and address. ? The nature of the firm’s business Two copies of photograph for each and every partner, duly attest by the introducer. ? Account must be introduced properly. ? Introducer’s signature on account opening form has to verify by an officer under full signature. ? Certified true copy of the memorandum of the firm. ? Registered partner ship deed. ? In case of joint account, operational instructions are to be signed by the joint acc ount holders. For proprietorship business: ? Declaration of proprietorship ? Photocopy of Business trade license. ? Account agreement form. ? Photocopy of TIN certificate. For Limited Company: Certified true copy of Memorandum & Articles of Association of the company. ? Latest audited balance sheet of the company. ? Latest copy of company’s income statement. ? Certificate copy of incorporation of the company for inspection and returned with a duly certified photocopy for bank’s record. ? Certificate from the registered of the joint stock companies that the company is entitled to commence business (in case of public limited co. for inspection and return) along with a duly certified photocopy for bank’s record. ? Name and address of the board of directors. ? Authorized signature. Extra resolution of the board, general meeting of the company for opening the account and authorization for its operation duly certified by the Chairman/ Managing Directors of the company . ? Full name of the company and full address of head office. General condition for opening current and saving account: ? At least Tk. 2,000/- for current account and Tk. 1,000/- for saving account has to deposit while account is going to open. 4. 2. 2 ISSUE OF DUPLICATE CHEQUE BOOK [pic] When an account holder loss his cheque book he has to inform it to the bank. Then bank stop any amount from that account.Account holder has to apply to the bank through application to new cheque book. Then fresh cheque book is issued instead of lost one after verification of the signature of the account holder from the specimen signature card and on realization of required exercise duly only with prior approval of manager of the branch. Cheque of the new cheque book is recorded in the ledger card and signature card ass usual. Series number of lost book is recorded in the stop payment register and caution should be exercised to guard against fraudulent payment. 4. 2. 3 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT [pic]The re are some reasons for which account may be closed those are as follows: ? If the customer is desirous to close the account. ? If the bank finds that the account is inoperative for a long duration. ? If garnishee order is issued by the court of Bank Asia. ? To prevent money laundering some times Bangladesh Bank order to the bank to close the account of the black money holder. To close the account, the cheque has to be returned to the bank. Bank Asia takes all the charges by debiting the account and remaining balance is then paid to the customer. Necessary entries are given to the account closing register and computer. . 2. 4 ISSUING OF PAY ORDER [pic] A pay order is an instrument from one branch to another branch of the same bank to pay a certain sum of money to the person there on or to his order. Unlike the cheque, there is no possibility of dishonoring pay order because before issuing PO, bank takes the money of the pay order in advance. The pay order purchaser has to apply in a prescribed form with a credit voucher for the amount of pay order and other credit vouchers for commission and VAT. 4. 2. 5 TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERS (TT) [pic] TT is the quickest method of transferring funds from one place to another.The remitting branch sends a telegraphic/ telephone message to the other end, to pay a certain sum of money to a named payee. Such a message is usually sent in code language. Prefixing or suffixing a check cipher authenticates the message. A check cipher for a remittance is worked out on a test key table, access to which is allowed only by authorized officers. The codebook is always kept in the custody of authorized officers. All T. T. are following by written confirmations under the signature of authorized officer of the remitting branch. The receiving branch, after thoroughly checking the telegraphic message, acts on it. . 2. 6 ISSUING CERTIFICATE [pic] Bank Asia provides different certificates to its clients and customers. It provides Bank Certificate to its clients for opening BO account and deduct Tk. 200/- as service charge. Bank Asia provides solvency certificate too to prove that their client is financially solvent. This solvency certificate is needed if client is willing to go to abroad or opening new business. 4. 3 ACCOUNTS DEPERTMENT [pic] Following things are done by the Accounts Department: ? Pass outward instrument to the clearing house. ? Pass inward instrument to respective department. Return instrument in case of dishonor. ? Prepare OBC and IBC for the respective branch and head office. ? Verify daily’s cash expenses and issuing cash voucher sleep for different necessary daily expenses. ? Issuing credit voucher for remittance coming from abroad. ? Receiving clearing cheque from teller department and bank wise separate the cheques and send those to the clearing house. ? Recording of return cheque from different banks and back to return it to the clients. ? Prepare OBC request letter to head office for collecti ng fund out side of the city. The following entries are given if the cheque is honored.Customer A/C Debit Bank Asia general A/CCredit Bank Asia Principle Branch clears its cheque through the head office as well as the cheque of other branches, because it is only permitted. The other branches send the instrument through IBCA. Bank Asia principle branch act as an agent in this case. For this the concern branch gives the following entries: Bank general A/C Debit Customer’s A/C Credit If the instrument is dishonored, the instrument is returned to the concerned branch through IBCA along with the following entries: Incase of return for inward instrument. Bank general A/CDebit Customer’s A/CCreditIncase of return for outward instrument: Customer A/C Debit Bank general A/CCredit Incase of returning an instrument the respective officer usually looks for following reasons: ? Insufficient fund ? Drawer’s signature differs. ? Amount in word and figure differ ? Refer to draw er ? Stop payment ? Not arrange for ? Effect not cleared may be presented again. Receiving cheque for collection: In Bank Asia, cheques of its customers are received for collection from other banks. In case of receiving cheque, following points should be checked. ? The cheque should not carry a date older than the receiving date for more than 6 months.In that case it will be a ‘stale cheque’ and it will nit be allowed for collection. Again the date of the cheque should not be more than one day forward than the receiving date. ? The amount in figures and words in both sides of the pay-in-slip should be same with the amount mentioned in the figure and word in the cheque. ? The name mentioned in the cheque should be same in both side in pay-in-slip and it should be the same with the name mentioned in the cheque. ? The cheque must be crossed. 4. 4 CREDIT DEPERTMENT [pic] Consumer Credit is a part of Credit Department which involves in generating loan to the client.Bank Asia Station Road Branch provides four categories of loans those are as follows: 1. Consumer Durable Loan. 2. Auto Loan. 3. House Finance. 4. Unsecured Personal Loans. 4. 4. 1 HOUSE FINANCE [pic] Regulations for House Finance Loan: ? House Finance Loan is provided for the long period of time (Maximum 15 years including 1 year grace period). ? Loan to price ratio: The loan to price ratio is 80%. It means bank finance 80% amount of required amount. Bank provide loan for the construction which is already completed up to ground floor. ? Rate of interest of house finance loan of Bank Asia is 16%. ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 3, 00,000. 0 to Tk. 50, 00,000. 00. ? Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-65 Years. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 40%. ? Processing Fee: 0. 5% or 5000/- whichever is higher. 4. 4. 2 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT [pic] Regulation for Auto Loan: ? Auto Loan is provided for purchasing new vehicle. ? Loan to price ratio: If it is recondit ion car bank will finance 80% of the total price and if it is new vehicle bank will finance 90% of the total price. ? Rate of interest of Auto Loan is 16%. ? Loan size: Loan Size is maximum Tk. 20, 00, 000. 00. ? Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 40%. Tenor: Auto Loan provided for 60 months (for recondition vehicle), and for 72 months (new vehicle). ? Processing Fee: 1% or 5000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-65 Years. An application is provided to BRTA as if the vehicle is registered at the name of Bank Asia & the applicant. 4. 4. 3 CONSUME DUALE LONE [pic] Consumer Durable Loan provided to business man as financial assistant. There are some rules and regulations for consumer durable loan those are as follows: ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 50, 000. 00 to Tk. 5, 00,000. 00. ? Rate of interest of Consumer Durable Loan is 17%. Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 40%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 33%. ? Tenor: Auto Loan p rovided for minimum 6 months or maximum 48 months. ? Processing Fee: 1% or 1000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-57 Years. ? Loan to price ratio 70%. 4. 4. 4 UNSECURED PERSONAL LONE [pic] Unsecured Personal Loans for service holders, business man will not apply for this type of loan. There are some rules and regulations for Unsecured Personal Loans those are as follows: ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 25, 000. 00 to Tk. 5, 00,000. 00. ? Rate of interest of Consumer Durable Loan is 17%. Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 33%. ? Tenor: Auto Loan provided for minimum 12 months or maximum 48 months. ? Processing Fee: 1% or 1000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-57 Years. ? Loan to price ratio: Not applicable. 4. 4. 5 NECESSARY DOCUMENTS FOR A LOAN PROSESSING [pic] ? Latest license copy provided by the city corporation (Trade License). ? TIN Certificate. ? Nationality certificate/ Passport. ? In come statement (Last 6 months). ? Statement of purpose of loan. ? Reference. ? Guarantor’s information and his/her photograph. Utility bill (telephone bill, electric bill etc). ? Necessary information of existing assets and liability. ? Bank transaction last six months. ? Sources of funds from which borrower can repay the loan. ? Received security advance cheque against loan amount which is properly signed by the borrower. ? Joint necessary stump with the loan application book. Stamp charge may receive on cash or adjust from the account of the applicant. 4. 4. 6 GENERAL POLICY GUIDELINE [pic] ? Bank Asia make loan to the reputed clients. ? Encourage lending to socially desirable, nationally important and financially variable sector. Satisfactory security and collateral is required including source of repayment both primary and secondary source. ? Bank Asia may consider terms loan with maturity up to five years. ? Bank Asia extent credit facilities to the area, which the branc h located and size and ability of its stuff to supervise and monitor the same also considered. ? Maximum size of the loan port folio. ? The banking corporation act 1991 restricts lending to any single obligor or a group of companies up to 15% of the capital funds of bank without having approval of Bangladesh Bank.With the Bangladesh Bank the maximum limit can go up to 100% of the capital of the bank. 4. 4. 6 CIB REPORT [pic] Bangladesh Bank established Credit Information Bureau (CIB) with a view to provide information of the borrower to the schedule banks as per requirement. It is one of our credit policies that the bank wilts not sanction/ disburses any loan facility to a defaulter. Therefore to process a loan CIB report is mandatory one. So by CIB inquiry we can get the report on our clients from Bangladesh Bank. As per credit policy a Loan outstanding of Tk 50,000. 0 and above must be reported to Bangladesh bank Inputs the information of all the borrower status in CIB report whet her he is defaulter or not. So the purpose of CIB is to get the borrower(s) credit information with a view to sanction a loan. This is very important because without having CIB a loan cannot be sanctioned. It is also a tool for discourage loan defaulter in our country. CIB functions can be divided into two classes: CIB Inquiry. CIB Reporting. CIB INQUIRY: The following forms are required for CIB Inquiry: 01. Letter of Undertaking (Annexure – Ka) to be obtained from the individual client. 02. Inquiry Form: CIB – 1AIt covers the information of the debtors / individual borrower or company. Name ET address is mentioned here. It is to be filled up by the bank in Capital letter/ type. 03. Inquiry Form: CIB – 2A For institutional client this is necessary. It covers the information of the owners of the concerned borrowing company/firm. In case of individual client this form is not necessary. 04. Inquiry Form: CIB – 3A This form covers the information of group rel ated business concern of the borrower and any of its owners. Special Note: The name of the borrower / owners should be mentioned in full and must not be abbreviated.CIB REPORTING: The followings forms are required to report to Bangladesh Bank at monthly or quarterly basis. In case of loan limit one crore ET above it is need to be reported monthly and the entire loan amounting Tk. 50,000/- above are required to report quarterly. Form: CIB-1This from is related to borrower information only. Proper sector code and other information should be incorporated properly. Form: CIB – 2 This form is related to the owner(s) information of the borrowing company. Owner’s code and other information should be incorporate properly. Form: CIB – 3This form is related to group / affiliated concern(s) information of the borrower and or any of its owners. Form: CIB – 4 This form represents the credit exposure of the borrower with the reporting bank. Dotted boxes are need not re quired to be reported. Economic purpose code, security code, Classification status and other information should be incorporated property. Form: CIB – 5 This form is related to the guarantor(s) information of the borrower. All the form should be filled in full name with proper address, Abbreviated name are not acceptable. The impact of CIB in our country is very positive. CIB discourage loan defaulters.A loan defaulter cannot participate in any election as a candidate. It is also a way to harass the defaulter socially. At the initial stage of CIB [about 1990] total classified Loan was detected 41 %. By introducing CIB the percentage of classified loan could be minimized. So indirectly it helps our economy. It also helps the schedule bank by way of providing information as per requirement. [pic] PART D PERFORMANCE EVALUTION BANK ASIA (PATHERHAT BR. ) [pic]5: PERFORMANCE EVALUTION BANK ASIA (PATHERHAT BR. ) [pic] 5. 1 DEPOSIT [pic] Bank Asia, Patherhat Branch launched it operati on on 13th April,2012.AD The deposit volume of Bank Asia Ltd, Patherhat Branch, Chittagong is continuously increasing. The deposit amount is 19 crore at |April,2012. Through the following table the deposit position of Bank Asia Ltd Branch is shown. Showing monthly Deposit of Bank Asia Ltd. Patherhat Branch from the month of December,2011 to April,2012. Deposit (Amount in Crore) |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Deposit |167446961 |174431349 |178152397 |173798455 |190064299 | 5. 2 ADVANCE [pic]The credit volume of Bank Asia Ltd, Patherhat Branch is increasing day by day. Showing monthly Deposit of Bank Asia Ltd. Patherhat Branch from the month of December,2011 to April,2012. Loans and Advance |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Loans and Advance |12442268 |9877521 |10921573 |15813095 |19803015 | 5. 3 TOTAL INCOME [pic] The total income of Bank Asia is increasing day by day. Net loss of the branch is decreasing day by day by its acclerated efforts t o go the horizon of Profit. Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Total Inocme |1585091 |1760171 |1595499 |1777016 |1957001 | 5. 4 TOTAL EXPANSE [pic] With expansion of opeation of the branch, the total expense of the branch is incrasing day by day. |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Total expense |3236019 |2337849 |9169238 |2372934 |2407706 |Position for the month of March, 2012:- |Particulars |Monthly Position of February 2012 |Monthly Position of March 2012 |Cumulative up to March, | | | | |2012 | |Total Deposit |178,152,397. 55 |173,798,455. 59 |173,798,455. 59 | |Total Advances |10,921,573. 95 |15,813,095. 60 |15,813,095. 60 | |Interest Income |1,571,766. 70 |1,745,422. 9 |5,052,804. 32 | |Other Income |23,732. 57 |31,593. 58 |79,882. 32 | |Total Income |1,595,499. 27 |1,777,016. 70 |5,132,686. 35 | |Interest Expenses |1,393,856. 72 |1,488,478. 72 |4,387,861. 15 | |Other Expenses |775,381. 63 |884,456. 00 |2,492,141. 53 | |Total Expenses |2,169,2 38. 35 |2,372,934. 4 |6,880,002. 68 | |Net Provisional Profit/Loss |(573,739. 080 |(595,918. 77) |(1,747,316. 33) | |Foreign Inward Remittance |2,415,193. 08 |1,984,934. 01 |6,289,562. 22 | of Bank Asia, Patherhat Branch is given below– [pic] PART E JOB PART [pic]6: JOB PART [pic] 6. 1 JOB DESCRIPTION [pic] In order to achieve best service quality Bank Asia has separate department called â€Å"CUSTOMEN SERVICE DEPARTMENT†, which is responsible of maintaining over all services of the bank to satisfy customers.To establish world class guest experience in all its operations it mainly focusing on people, infrastructure, technology, products and process. In order to ensure such experience Bank Asia always looks for enthusiastic people as employee and interns as well. I was doing the Internship under customer service depertment from January 25March, 2010 to May 25, 2012 in Patherhat branch. 6. 2 KEY RESPONSIBILITIES [pic] ? Ensuring first hand services to the client. ? Keep observing the service activities during the service hour. ? Guiding lost clients to have proper services. ? Having clients suggestion and complains and reporting to BM. Ensuring clients solutions and quality services. ENSURING FIRST HAND SERVICES TO THE GUEST: [pic] Bank is a financial institution so it is very tuff for a guest to know each service point. They sometimes come up with such problems for which they need not to talk to customer service manager or Branch manager. Like – how to write a deposit slip or how to use ATM card in booth etc. in that situation my primary duty was to greet them so that they rely upon me to have on the spot service. On the other hand my primary duties are understanding guest’s problem and guide him or her to talk with the right person on the right desk.KEEP OBSERVING THE SERVICE ACTIVITIES DURING THE SERVICE HOURS: [pic] During the service hour, many unusual situations may arise. So my another duty was to keep looking into those situat ions and make instant solutions like keep looking whether staff behaving the way they should behave or not. To look after whether any staff is ignoring any customers or not, was my another job duty. GUIDING LOST GUESTS TO HAVE PROPER SERVICES: [pic] It is usual situation that different professions people come to bank every day. Some profession people come to bank for the first time and doesn’t know verall service arrangement of the bank. They enter into the branch and starts wondering around within the bank. They get completely lost. So, my responsibility was to listen and guide them in a proper way. HAVING CUSTOMER SUGGESTION AND COMPLAINTS [pic] Since each branch is a touch point for the bank so it’s the better option for SQ department to have better guest experience. Another duty is to collect such suggestions and complain from guests and reporting to the Branch Manager. ENSURING CUSTOMER SOLUTION AND QUALITY SERVICES [pic] A guest should have a complete solution of a problem from branch.If it is not possible for customer service officer then take him/her to customer service manager even if it is not possible for the CSM then take him/her to BM. In the meanwhile I have to ensure the quality service to the guest. 6. 3 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF JOB [pic] There are five essential areas to excellence in guest experience. Bank Asia Client experience standard will apply it the five aspects for excellence in guest experience listed below— 1) People 2) Premises 3) Papers 4) Processes and 5) Practices People: The team who serves the clients. Premises: The location or place where we serve the clients. Papers: The documents we use to provide and receive information and to communicate with our clients and colleagues. Process: the process that enable us to delight our clients. Practices: the way we interact and talk with our clients. For keep concentrating on service issues, Bank Asia has prepared client experience fundamentals for its entire team me mber. Bank Asia’s client standards are— o BOLD: All team members are will be bold and on behalf of their clients and colleagues. They will be first to greet, first to listen and first to make any suggestions.They are the persons who satisfy the demands of the clients even if they are unexpressed o RELIABLE: The team member will take full ownership in serving their clients to their complete satisfaction o APPEALING: The team members have to ensure that all clients touch points are appealing and inviting o CONSISTENT: The team members will ensure that their clients experience quality is consistent in all aspects across all clients service point all the time. Apart from the above mentioned jobs, I was appointed for following works as well. Software called Stelar where I have to do: CIF (Customer Information Form). A/C verify & close FDR, DPS opening Cheque book, ATM card issue, Active. My major job purpose & principle accountabilities in the banks are as follows: Ensu re account opening, modification, closing, and ATM card & Cheque book requisition and remittance activities. Implement client service strategies to achieve Bank Asia objective and plans Ensure quick resoling of client quires and issues Efficiently handle customer complains Properly maintain FDR, ATM, Account and other registers Receiving checks, issue cheque book, Fund transfer Verifying check book register, Customer Signature verification Writing pay order, Statement inquire Checking balance as per individual customer request Providing all kinds of general banking information to the customers Issuing check books and posting them into the system. 7: RECOMMENDATION [pic] ? Since the branch is situated in a suitable place, so it should introduce ATM Booth of its own very soon. ? Clearing Department should be under online. ? Locker should be introduced. ? To reduce the working presure of the existing employees new capable employees should be employed. Since there are huge numb er of coverage loan, a recovery team should be introduced. ? Banks marketing policy should be more stronger to influence big corporate clients joint with them. ? Bank Asia can introduce about their product and service through different TV channels. So that every initiative of the bank can go at the door the customers. ? More training facilities should be introduced for the junior officers. 8: CONCLUSION [pic] Bank Asia Limited is one of the most renowed growing bank in the country. It is true that Bank Asia increase its growth and popularity with in very short period of time.It has ensured because they have efficient, capable, professional, talent work force. All the officers are very much comitted, helpful and cooperative so that necessary information accumulate through this report. I wish total success of Bank Asia Limited, Pather Hat Branch, and special thanks to Mr. Niaz Ahammed Rashed (FAVP & Manager), SantoshKumar Bhowmik (EO & Sub Manager), and all officers &employees of Path erhat Brahnch, Chittagong. 9: GLOSSARY [pic] IBC:- Inward bills for collection. OBC:- Out ward bills for collection. CIB:- Credit Information.IRC:- Import Registration Certificate. ERC:- Export Registration Certificate. TIN:- Tax Identification Number. BIN:- Business Identification Number. L/C:- Letter of Credit. FDR:- Fixed Deposit Regular. SME:- Small and Medium Enterprise. CCI&E:- Chief Controller of Import and Export. LCA:- Letter of Credit Authorization. B/L:- Bill of Lading. B/E:- Bill of Exchange. STD:- Short Term Deposit A/C. SOD:- Secured Over Draft. LBC:- Local Bills for Collection. LTR:- Loan Against Trust Receipt. FOB:- Freight On Boat. DBR:- Debt Burdeb Ratio. CPV:- Contract Point Verification.SWIFT:- Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication. ICC:- International Chember of Commerce. 10: BIBLIOGRAPHY [pic] †¢ Bank Asia Limited. Management Trainee Report. †¢ Bank Fund Management, Dr. A. R. Khan. †¢ Jeff Madura. International Financial Ma nagement. (West Publishing company, 4th edition, 1995). †¢ Rose, P. S. (1999). Measuring and Evaluating Bank Performance. Commercial Bank Management, Fourth Edition. †¢ Annual Report of Bank Asia Ltd. †¢ www. bankasia. com TITLE OF INTERNSHIP: GENERAL BANKING PRACTICE OF BANK ASIA LIMITED Objective of the Study:The major objective of the study is to evaluate the general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. To achieve these major objectives, the specific objectives of the study are mentioned below: 1. To high light the authorities involved in general banking of Bank Asia Ltd. 2. To examine the Account opening system of Bank Asia Ltd. 3. To show the Product or Services of Bank Asia Ltd. 4. To evaluate the General Banking Function of Bank Asia Ltd. 5. To find out problems of general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. 6. To give suggestions for improving of general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. ———————– BANK ASIA | | |CHAIRMAN | |PRESIDENT AND MANAGING DIRECTOR | |DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR (DMD) | |SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT (SEVP) | |EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT (EVP) | |SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT (SVP) | |VICE PRESIDENT (VP) | |FIRST VISE PRESIDENT (FVP) | |ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT (AVP) | |FIRST ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT (FAVP) | |SENIOR EXECUTIVE OFFICER (SEO) | |EXECUTIVE OFFICER (EO) | |SENIOR OFFICER (SO) | |MANAGEMENT TRAINEE OFFICER (MTO) | |OFFICER | |JUNIOR OFFICER (JO) | |ASSISTANT OFFICER (AO) | |BANKING OFFICER (BO) | |TRAINEE OFFICER (TO)/TELLER | | [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Why Rhode Island Was the Most Democratic Colony

â€Å"American† Essay The original thirteen colonies, from groundbreaking Virginia, first settled in 1612, to the bountiful Carolinas originating in the year of 1670. In 1636, twenty four years after the formation of Virginia, the revolutionary Rhode Island came to be. Though settled three-hundred and seventy-six years ago, Rhode Island at that time, still holds similarities to what it means to be â€Å"American† today. America is synonymous with freedom, tolerance of those different, equality, and democracy.Rhode Island can be considered the most American of all thirteen original colonies, because it supported separatist government, practiced religious tolerance, and had a democracy from the start. Rhode Island may never have came to be, if not for Roger Williams. After being exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, for endorsement of a separatist movement, It was he who relocated to present day Rhode Island. At that time, Massachusetts, was a colony ruled by Puritans . These people were anti-separatists, which means that they did not believe in the separation of church and state.Any resident living in Massachusetts, regardless of Religious affiliation was required to pay taxes to the puritan church. The churches only problem was not the requirement of taxes, but also their efforts to control other aspects of the colonist’s lives. Massachusetts had a certain kind of feel to it, and the Puritans wanted to assure that it stay that way. Puritans felt threatened by any kind of act that did not fit perfectly with their view of what life should be like in their colony. For example, If two people were found to be showing any type of affection towards each other in public, they were fined.Puritans were against the practice of ceremonies, or any type of event containing music. They believed that music was an expression not pure enough for their way of life. Puritans refused to celebrate various holidays, such as Christmas. They also would not allow certain staples of religious practice to be involved in their worship. Candles, or religious images were not permitted in church service. Many forms of entertainment were not allowed in Puritan villages. Gambling or other games of chance were outlawed. Plays of any genre were not allowed.Laughing in public was forbidden, because it suggested that devilish or demonic spirits inhabited you. The Puritans worked to control every aspect of a persons life. Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, would have none of it. From the start Williams allowed Rhode Islander’s many freedoms, as well as creating a separatist government, in some ways, the first of its kind. Williams did not require citizens to attend church, and did not let laws interfere with a someone’s personal life. He believed that it was not the churches/governments right to control such things.Though the people of Rhode island did pay taxes, these taxes went to the government, not a state church. The lack of the se laws can be considered very â€Å"American† by modern standards. When looking at the country now, one can see that there is an absence of laws restricting Humans actions and rights, aside from cruel and unjust acts. Each individual has freedom of speech, and is allowed to express their ideas openly. The US does not outlaw many types of entertainment, music, holidays, or public displays of humor or affection. Rhode Island shares this in common with the present day US.The same cannot be said of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Rhode Island was one of only four colonies whose government did not have an official religion. The Carolina’s, Maryland, New York, and Virginia all supported the Anglican church, While Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire all chose to support the congregational church. This proves that Rhode Island was uniquely and unconscionably â€Å"American† for its time. Rhode Island can again be considered â€Å"American† because of itâ €™s practice of complete religious tolerance, this was unheard of in most other colonies in these times.Williams allowed anyone, regardless of religious affiliation to reside in the state. Jews, persecuted by almost every other colony at the time, as well as Catholics were allowed to live in the boundaries of Rhode Island, and not fear punishment or persecution. Even the endlessly persecuted Quakers were allowed in Rhode Island. Quaker views were vastly different than that of leader Roger Williams, but he believed that they should not be persecuted for this difference in opinion. When looking at the views of other colonies, one can see that they did no share the same ideals. Maryland claimed to be religiously tolerant.Created as a refuge for Catholics, one would assume that a place such as this would be tolerant of other religions, the Act of Toleration was passed in 1649, but was not as welcoming as it sounded. While giving freedom to Christians, it also stated the right to per secute all Jews, or atheists with no religious affiliation. Massachusetts was wildly intolerant of not Christians, torturing and killing the Quakers, whom later fled to Rhode Island. All colonies supporting the Anglican church practiced religious tolerance to their fellow protestants, and in some cases even Catholics, but none would accept those who denied the divinity of Jesus.Congregational colonies were even more strict in their tolerance of other religions. Aside from religion, Rhode Island was also tolerant of people that for other reason would not be welcome elsewhere. Those like Williams who had angered the leaders of their previous residence were welcomed there. Anne Hutchinson, whom was also exiled from the Bay Colony is a famous resident of Rhode Island. Her Ideals were far from that or Williams, but still she was welcomed in his colony. Both rich and poor could find a home in Rhode island.It was unlike the sprawling plantations of South Carolina, or Virginia where the poo r were exiled from being â€Å"squatters† on the land, or the large and powerful elites of aristocratic New York, controlling not just the government and economy, but the land as well. Rhode islands practice of tolerance, not only pertaining to religion, but also to the differing of ideals and economic status, again shows that Rhode Island is the most â€Å"American† of the thirteen colonies. A third reason that Rhode Island can be considered the most â€Å"American† colony was it’s voting system.Rhode Island gave all men, who owned property and payed taxes on said property the right to vote. Regardless of Religion, a man had this right. This was unheard of in many colonies at the time. Anglican colonies such as South Carolina and Georgia, also allowed man holding men to vote, but only if they were of protestant religion. Some colonies were even more strict with their voting rights. In the Massachusetts Bay Colony the government could not even be consider ed a democracy. The Freemen held the right to elect the governor annually as well as his cabinet.The freemen however, were few and far between. Only puritans could be freemen, and they were not even eligible until they were declared â€Å"visible saints†. This is when, at church, god inhabits a person, which causes him to convulse, or perhaps speak in tongues. Because of this rule, only few men were eligible to vote in elections. Rhode Islands suffrage law, allowed a vast number of citizens to vote, which in turn made Rhode Island on of the most democratic of the colonies at the time. This again proves that Rhode Island was the most â€Å"American† of the Thirteen colonies.There are those that do not believe Rhode Island was the most â€Å"American† colony of our forefathers. Some may say that the most â€Å"American† colony was in fact Georgia. Evidence supports that this was not the case. Though Georgia supported separatist government, and did not affil iate with any one religion, they did however persecute certain religious groups. Catholics. The Jewish, and Atheists were discriminated against and persecuted in Georgia, because of this, these people did not have the right to vote in any election, only practicing protestants could participate in elections.These shortcomings of the Georgia colony disqualify it from being a truly â€Å"American† colony. Rhode Island can easily be considered the most â€Å"American† colony for many reasons. Rhode Island participated in separatist government, practiced religious toleration towards all religions, and promoted suffrage for a large amount of people at the time. When someone is asked to describe America in three words, one is willing to bet that those three words would be freedom, tolerance, and equality. Rhode island had the right idea hundreds of years ago, and our country has been influenced by these simple ideas ever since.